US reaction: CPI notches 2nd confidence builder

CPI inflation eased again in May, the headline annual rate slowing to 3.3% from 3.4% last month, excluding food & energy the rate fell to 3.4%, which is the slowest pace of inflation in exactly three years. Importantly the monthly moves of 0% and 0.2% (0.163%) respectively were marginally softer than market expectations (0.1% and 0.3%).

Following the upside surprises in Q1 this year, May’s release provides another month’s evidence that inflation pressures do not seem to be reaccelerating and rather at the current pace provide more evidence that they are moving back towards target. Goods price inflation softened again to an annual 0.1%, from 0.3% last month, with monthly prices falling in each of the last three months and in May helped not only by falling gasoline prices, but lower new car prices, clothing and household furnishings. Yet most focus continues around the more domestically driven services inflation (Exhibit 1). This remained more elevated at 5.2% on an annual basis, but the monthly increase slowed to just 0.2% - its slowest increase in nearly three years. Within this, shelter inflation still showed little sign of deceleration, rising by 0.4% on the month - marginally faster than last month. We believe the sampling of this measure is likely to mean that the expected deflation only materializes after next month, despite broader indicators continuing to point to deceleration. Services ex-shelter drove disinflation in this sector, rising by just 0.02% on the month – its weakest since last May. It is worth noting that the US is one of the few regions to focus on seasonally adjusted inflation figures. The fact that other statistics agencies do not adjust the data is simply a statement of the difficulty surrounding such adjustments. As such, as the Q1 shock seems to fade (and indeed unwind somewhat) over Q2, there is a persistent question as to how much of this reflected ‘seasonal variation’.  

Today’s release is an important figure for the Federal Reserve (Fed). Fed commentators have used any number of descriptors for how many softer inflation readings would be necessary to build the “confidence” the Fed says it needs before easing policy. These have included “a number”, “a string” and most explicitly Fed Chair Powell stated “more than one or two”. So the release of today’s figure is likely to be still insufficient to justify the Fed easing tonight. However, we suspect that it will make the tone of tonight’s press conference somewhat easier. We expect the Fed’s dot plot tonight to switch from forecasting three cuts for this year in March to two. To our minds, this will be accompanied by cautious commentary from Powell saying the Fed still needs more confidence, but a signal of two cuts keeps the Fed’s optionality around September open in a way that moving to one would not. That is easier in the light of today’s release.   

Market reaction was sharp to the release. The probability of a September cut leapt back to 80% from below 60% before the release, the chances of two cuts this year rose to 90% from 50% before. These moves basically unwound the reaction to Friday’s surprising gain in payroll jobs. Similarly, term yields also reacted, 2-year US Treasury yields falling 14bps to 4.69% and 10-year down 11bp to 4.29% - 2bps above the pre-payrolls level. The dollar also dropped by 0.6%, but this remains around 0.4% higher against a basket of currencies and 0.6% higher than the euro, reflecting increased political uncertainty.

Exhibit 1: Services ex-shelter drive figure lower

Source: BLS, June 2024